Aquaculture industry must embrace environmental ideology to growprovided by University of Rhode Island | |
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The book details specific new technologies that must be implemented, practices that must be reformed, and policies that must be enacted for the industry to resurrect its reputation and gain the support of its many detractors. “Environmental groups have done a service to society and the global aquaculture industry by pointing out the ecological and social impacts caused by aquaculture,” said Costa-Pierce. “Those concerns are appropriate. Aquaculture does have an impact on the environment, just as agriculture does.” Those impacts include habitat degradation, nutrient discharges from feed and wastes, introduction of diseases and parasites, and the genetic dilution of native wild species from breeding with escapees from aquaculture facilities. In addition, a variety of social inequity issues arise from aquaculture in its present form. Costa-Pierce defines ecological aquaculture as “an alternative model of aquaculture research and development that brings the technical aspects of ecological principles and ecosystems thinking to aquaculture. [It] internalizes all of nature's and society's costs as part of an entire regional development activity.” “To make this happen,” he said, “we need to get beyond the constant user conflicts between marine fisheries, aquaculturists, coastal zone management, and coastal communities.” Costa-Pierce's recommendations include:
The technologies and practices Costa-Pierce recommends are already available to the industry, but he suggests that much more research and development is needed. Some aquaculture facilities are already operating as the URI scientist recommends. “There are several facilities that are models of ecological aquaculture,” Costa-Pierce said. “They're making good money and producing healthy products for consumers using ecologically sensitive practices.” For example, one finfish facility uses its wastes to grow hydroponic vegetables and animal forages, and both fish and vegetables are certified. Another uses seaweed and shellfish to filter and absorb wastes from a salmon-rearing operation, resulting in no wastes being discharged to the environment. Many tilapia and salmon farms now produce organic fish. “It's all going on commercially; it's just not well known yet,” he said. Global consumption of fish is skyrocketing and traditional capture fisheries are unable to meet demand. As a result, aquaculture is the fastest growing sector of the world food economy, growing at 11 percent per year in the 1990s. It is anticipated that, by 2030, capture fisheries will provide just two-thirds of the 150-160 million metric tons of aquatic foods that humans consume, leaving the difference to be made up by aquaculture. But Costa-Pierce said this blue revolution, as he calls it, requires further evolution and “will go belly up unless it embraces a sustainable pedagogy having environmentally and socially sensitive codes of conduct that both industry and communities can accept. “Aquaculture developers will need to spend as much time on the technological advances coming to the field as they do in designing ecological approaches to aquaculture development that clearly exhibit stewardship of the environment.” Ecological Aquaculture is published by Blackwell Science in Oxford, England, and distributed by the Rhode Island Sea Grant Program. |
he aquaculture industry in the United States and around the world will never grow to its full potential unless it radically reforms its practices and produces positive impacts on the environment and society. That's the premise of a landmark new book called Ecological Aquaculture by Barry Costa-Pierce, director of the Rhode Island Sea Grant Program and professor of fisheries and aquaculture at the University of Rhode Island. 